The Solar System

A comparative study of our cosmic neighborhood

Eleven bodies, five measurements each, from NASA’s planetary fact sheets. Every drawing on this page, from the 28‑pixel planets in the table to the 4‑pixel Mercury at the bottom, is an Icons8 icon delivered over MCP and inlined into the markup as SVG: no image requests, no raster blur, one file.

	Mass (kg)	Radius (km)	Temperature (K)	Distance from Sun¹	Orbital period
Sun	1.99 × 10³⁰	695,700	5,778	·	·
Mercury	3.30 × 10²³	2,440	440	0.39 AU	88 days
Venus	4.87 × 10²⁴	6,052	737²	0.72 AU	225 days
Earth	5.97 × 10²⁴	6,371	288	1.00 AU	365.25 days
Mars	6.42 × 10²³	3,390	210	1.52 AU	687 days
Jupiter³	1.90 × 10²⁷	69,911	165	5.20 AU	11.9 years
Saturn	5.68 × 10²⁶	58,232	134	9.54 AU	29.5 years
Uranus	8.68 × 10²⁵	25,362	76	19.19 AU	84 years
Neptune	1.02 × 10²⁶	24,622	72	30.07 AU	165 years
Pluto	1.31 × 10²²	1,188	44	39.48 AU	248 years
Moon	7.35 × 10²²	1,737	220	384,400 km	27.3 days

Temperatures are cloud-top values for the giant planets, surface or mean values elsewhere. The Moon’s distance and orbital period are relative to Earth. The Sun, powered by nuclear fusion, orbits nothing in this table.

11 AU is the mean distance from Earth to the Sun, approximately 149.6 million kilometers or 93 million miles. This unit simplifies measurements within our solar system, making it easier to comprehend the vast distances between planets.

2Venus is the hottest planet despite not being closest to the Sun, with surface temperatures reaching 737 K (464°C). Its dense CO₂ atmosphere creates a runaway greenhouse effect, making it hotter than Mercury despite receiving less solar radiation.

3The inner four planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) are terrestrial, with solid rocky surfaces and thin atmospheres. Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants, while Uranus and Neptune are ice giants, all composed primarily of hydrogen, helium, water, methane, and ammonia.

Distance from the Sun

Mercury0.39 AU

Venus0.72 AU

Earth1.00 AU

Mars1.52 AU

Jupiter5.20 AU

Saturn9.54 AU

Uranus19.19 AU

Neptune30.07 AU

Pluto39.48 AU

Plotted on a logarithmic scale: each step to the right multiplies the distance, from Mercury at 0.39 AU to Pluto at 39.48 AU.

Relative sizes

Sun109 × Earth

Jupiter11 × Earth

Saturn9 × Earth

Neptune4 × Earth

Uranus4 × Earth

Earth1 × Earth

Venus0.95 × Earth

Mars0.53 × Earth

Mercury0.38 × Earth

Radii drawn as ratios of Earth’s 6,371 km, not to a common scale with the strip above. Each figure is one inline SVG, scaled by its width and height attributes alone, from 100 pixels for the Sun down to 4 for Mercury.